Report style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Report style - Essay Example As expected, Coke will once again participate in the 2012 Olympics as a Major partner. This is to reiterate their market stance and continue working on maintaining their market position. Every celebration, the Olympics gathers athletes and spectators, old and new alike, from every color and race. The management sees this as a potential to further penetrate new and emerging markets as well as sustaining old ones. There is always something new to look forward to every Olympics celebration, and there will always be new heights to be conquered. A. Strength – Coca Cola’s strength lies mainly on its brand popularity. It can’t be denied that Coke is a well-known brand worldwide, topping the lists of preferred beverages. Showing the brand logo alone triggers recall among the audience, having been a dominant brand in the market for over a century already. B. Weakness – Negative Publicities being released against the brand prove to be Coke’s weakness. Through the years, carbonated drinks have been associated to health concerns, and this contributes to the brand/ product’s weaknesses. C. Opportunity – Despite’s Coke’s stature as the best selling soft drink internationally, there is still an opportunity to introduce a new product positioning particularly in global celebrations such as the Olympics. As a consumer product, there is always more room to grow and more market to saturate. This brand may emerge as the preferred thirst quencher during the event, resulting to greater brand loyalty and repeat consumption even after the event ends. D. Threat – The emergence of health drinks such as cold teas and non-carbonated drinks has definitely affected the sales of cola drinks. People are now becoming health conscious, with grocery shelves being filled with Health Beverages. This proves as a threat especially now that these beverages are being sold in retail and competes with Coca Cola pricing. Sometimes, these brands even emerge

The Case of Misbehaving Data or the Proverbial Plan B Essay

The Case of Misbehaving Data or the Proverbial Plan B - Essay Example Furthermore, while parametric tests most likely require numerical scores, responses in a nonparametric test are usually categorized. It should then be noted that putting responses under these classifications entail that these data involve measurement on nominal or ordinal scales and thus, cannot produce numerical values that can be used to calculate means and variances. This would mean that data for a number of nonparametric tests are simply frequencies. An example of a nonparametric test is the Mann-Whitney test which is used for testing differences between means when there are two conditions and different subjects have been used in each condition. For example, an experiment may be carried out to investigate the depressant effects of certain recreational drugs (Leech, Barett, & Morgan, 2005). Twenty clubbers are tested with 10 clubbers given an ecstasy tablet to take on a Saturday night while 10 are allowed only to drink alcohol. Then, their levels of depression are measured. In using SPSS to analyze the given data, it should be noted that the data must be inputed using a coding variable. Thus, the data editor will have three columns of data where the first column is the coding variable with two codes (for example, 1 = ecstasy and 2 = alcohol). The second column will contain values of the dependent variable while the third column will contain values of the independent variable. An exploratory analysis in SPSS will reveal that the data is not normally distributed, indicating that a nonparametric test should be used. To run the analysis, the main dialog box should be accessed by using Analyze, followed by Nonparametric Tests, followed by 2 Independent Samples. The dependent and independent variables should then be placed in their corresponding boxes and the coding variable should be placed in the box labeled â€Å"Grouping variable.† the corresponding numeric codes should then be inputed and after clicking OK, SPSS

Two Treatises of Government Essay Example for Free

Two Treatises of Government Essay In chapter V of The Second Treatise of Government by John Locke, he begins by explaining that God has given earth to all man in â€Å"common†. Meaning everyone equally owns all of the earth and its fruits. How can we humans, fairly distribute this land? What gives one man the right to a deer over every other person on earth? Labor, Locke states â€Å"The labor that was mine removing them out of that common state they were in, hath fixed my property in them†(13). This meaning that once you put work and physical labor into some sort of land or animal, it is then yours to own out of the common land. For example, a man sees a deer on the side of the road and uses his weapon to kill it. He has used his recourses and skill to take that deer out of the common and made it his property. The same can be said for land. You work on the land and use it to grow crops. Therefore, the crops are yours. Locke follows up this view he has by saying you can only take so much, because then you will be taking for spoils. â€Å"Nothing was made by god for man to spoil and destroy. † (Locke 14) I believe this is the part we as habitants of this earth have disregarded. In today’s world, we constantly spoil land and recourses. For a little money, we are willing to ruin habitats to the point of extinction or complete eradication. I feel as if Locke wrote this as a warning, stating, yes you may own all land that you labor on but do not spoil it. What makes us as humans ignore this? Greed is a very powerful thing and if we allow man to own all land in which he works in, what is to stop him from abusing it to receive riches? There wouldn’t be a need to spoil the land for riches, if gold didn’t have such a high value in society. Locke is very much aware that the balance can be broke fairly easy. At the end of section 50 he states â€Å"But since gold and silver, being little useful to the life of man in proportion to food, raiment, and carriage, has its value only from the consent of men, whereof labor yet makes, in great part, the measure, it is plain, that men have agreed to a disproportionate and unequal possession of the earth, they having, by a tacit and voluntary consent, found out, a way how a man may fairly possess more land than he himself can use the product of, by receiving in exchange for the over plus gold and silver, which may be hoarded up without injury to any one; these metals not spoiling or decaying in the hands of the possessor† (23). After stating what he believes is the best way to distribute land, this is his way of warning us how easily this balance can be broken. He means to show everything he explained doesn’t matter because we have allowed value to be given to something, which cannot feed man and does not spoil in the hands of man. Therefore, unbalancing nature and allowing certain men in power to posses a disproportionate amount of this earth only because they own more gold and silver. By us as a society agreeing blindly to give gold such high value, we have changed the ways of life from wanting to obtain cattle, land, and natural goods. To in turn only chasing gold and silver (money). This only hurts the earth that has been given to all men in common by God. It allows men with wealth and power to spoil lands and destroy habitats only because they choose to obtain absurd amounts of gold to let decay and spoil in their hands. Take for example all the animals, which go extinct by allowing certain men with enough money to go out with multimillion-dollar machines and completely wipe out forests. Which is as Locke states given to all men in common. So what is Locke’s purpose in making us realize this? Its feels like a warning, letting you see the way earth should really be distributed and then by explaining how gold has ruined that. It plants a thought in your head that makes one wonder if we truly are equal and if the earth truly does belong to us all in common. It seems like land it’s only owned by those who have been successful in obtaining gold in one form or another. Even if it means spoiling the land that belongs to all humans in common, not to just them. I believe Locke was way ahead of his time. He is predicting how the world is in a society where gold and silver are the important possession. The combination of the way Locke believes land should be distributed, and the value we have agreed to give gold in society. Locke states â€Å"Right and convenience went together; for as a man had a right to all he could employ his labor upon, so he had no temptation to labor for more than he could make use of†(23). Here at the end of Chapter V is where Locke believes if we as men only take what we need to survive it would be highly convenient and the distribution of land would work out perfectly. We all know in the world we live in today that will never happen. Man will take as much as he desires till the land is too spoiled to take anymore. These two separate views on property that we as a society have agreed to live under only hurt us further. The combination of them is what causes a heavily unequal society. That is why we see some men own enormous amounts of land and property, while others don’t even have a box to sleep in. Bibliography Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

The Differences Between Taoism And Buddhism Philosophy Essay

The Differences Between Taoism And Buddhism Philosophy Essay Taoism is originated in China and many believe that it is started in the sixth century B.C. whereas Buddhism is said originated in the 500s B.C. in India. Both Taoism and Buddhism are great philosophical traditions and religions that have long histories and had strongly influenced and shaped the Chinese culture and values. These two religions have some similarities, they even considered as one kind in Malaysias culture. Both Taoism and Buddhism belief in reincarnation which means the life after death and both have similar ultimate goals. However, they are very different in their beliefs, practices and perspectives about individual life, society, values, culture, the environment and even the universe. Taoism and Buddhism have different objective principles, different views and beliefs about the life after death which is widely known as reincarnation, different ways and solutions to cooperate and solve the problems in life, and different perspectives and practices about marriage. The word Tao of Taoism in Chinese means the way or the path. In Taoism, its objective is to achieve Tao which means to attain the right path in life and by doing so; we will be able to become immortal. Besides that, Tao is sometimes also considered as the origin of everything which already existed and guiding the whole world and everything to work on their roles before the universe was being formed (Wow Essays, 2004). In Taoism, it is more focusing on personal or individual philosophy, because it is more focusing on how to achieve Tao, harmony and balancing of one-self and it do not motivate people to find ways and solutions to help and improve the community or society as in every individual should do it by herself or himself (EduBook, 2008). It is also said that everything in the world is simple, correct and good, life becomes complex is because human being choose to live a complex life (Wow Essays, 2004). On the other hand, in Buddhism beliefs live is suffering which is different by comparing with Taoism that believes that life is all about goodness, Buddhist believes that having illness or suffering is the nature of life which we cannot escape from (Difference Between, 2010). Birth, get old, get sick or ill, and death are the nature cycle of life. According to Buddhism, the only way to put suffering in life to an end is to understand the four noble truths of life and practice the noble eightfold path which are the right knowledge or understanding, right intention, right speech, right behavior or action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration (Buddhist Temples). The first noble eightfold path is right knowledge that refers to the correct understanding of what is life about or the understanding about the four noble truths of life (Wow Essays, 2004). The second path is right intention means the right wills aspect which is to abstain from lusts, to gai n immunity of negative emotions such as hate and anger, and to be innocuous which is not to be violent or aggressive (Knierim T., 2010). The third path is right speech which brings the meaning of not to talk bad or harmful words and to be aware of what we are saying by choosing the right words and right tone. The forth path is right behavior or right actions which is to act in a correct way and the reasons of action or behavior, and this consists of the five main rules of Buddhism which are not to kill, pilfer, consume alcoholic drinks, commit in sex crimes, and also to be honest (Wow Essays, 2004). The fifth path is right livelihood which is to gain or earn money and wealth in the legal and moral way (Knierim T., 2010). The sixth path is right effort involves practicing the right will and control self-serving devotion and thirst (Wow Essays, 2004). The seventh path is right mindfulness which is to be aware and have the ability of see things without affected by the other people or e nvironment. The eighth path is right concentration refers to the mental force of focusing on the ultimate goal of Buddhism, and this involves practicing the meditation which is to clear your mind and develop the right concentration (Knierim T., 2010). Both Taoism and Buddhism believe in the life after death which is known as reincarnation (Wow Essays, 2004). They believe that life cycle does not have a beginning or an ending which simply means that life, death and rebirth are perceived as a continuous cycle; they think that death is not the end of the life (Valea E., n.d.). But both of them have different explanations and perspectives on reincarnation. According to Taoism, soul or spirit never die, it will be shift to the other body which is to reborn to be another person and this will be repeated until it attain the Tao. It is said that everyone has a inner light of oneself which can guide us back to clean and clear mind and pull away from distractions and lusts, Tao can only be obtained by following this inner light of oneself (Wow Essays, 2004). Taoism also believes that soul has the ability to travel through space and time and becomes immortal when Tao is achieved (Difference Between, 2010). Whereas in Buddhism beliefs, samsara, the wheel of rebirth and the sufferings of life will only come to an end when ones achieve Nirvana which is the highest or final state of the life cycle and become immortal (Religion Facts, 2010). The other belief of reincarnation in Buddhism that is different from the belief in Taoism is that Taoism believes that reborn is a transformation of soul from one human body to another, but according to the Buddhism belief, the cycle of birth, death and rebirth consist of good and evil behavior which divides the transmigration into three different stages and this lead to the transformation of souls into different forms respectively. The ones who act totally different way from the rules and practices of Buddhism will be send to the hell and this is the first stage of the transmigration. In the second stage, those who did something which is considered quite bad or evil will be transmigrating into animal forms, yet spirits will become more alike to human o r rebirth as a human again after turns of transmigration. The following stage which is the third stage, involves the spirit becomes chaste by putting down self egos and lusts which is change from aesthesis to non-aesthesis, and it also consist of going through many phases of spiritual transformation and rebirth; finally reach the Nirvana which is the ultimate goal of Buddhism. The stages of reincarnation is determined by ones action, it is said that the past action decide the current life, and present action decides the future life, because Buddhist believes that ones behavior is according to the mind and thoughts but not fate, therefore one shall deserve what it takes from the result of what he or she did (Wow Essays, 2004). Besides than the perspectives and beliefs, the difference between Buddhism and Taoism is the ways of handling and solving the problems in life such as health problems. According to Taoism, everything in this world has its own natural order, and the way to handle problems first is to understand the nature; the Yin-yang concept is the core concept of this particular principle. Yin-yang concept state that reality are binary which consist of the combination of two opposite elements to form the entirety by balancing these two totally opposite elements. In addition, by conquering the defectiveness of soul by attaining the balance of oneself, then lead to conducting the mental or cosmic energy that is known as Chi in one selfs body is believed that can help to heal illness or sickness of body (EduBook, 2008). The creation of the Tai Chi exercise is based on the Yin-yang concept which can help to circulate and balance the Chi in the body and maintain body health because Taoist believe that i llness are cause by the imbalance or jamming of Chi in the circulation of body (Robinson B.A., 2010) Meanwhile, in Buddhisms beliefs, problems in life like illness and sickness are a part of life; hence they should be accepted as the nature of life. Buddhism requires the finding of problems source; meditation is the practice of Buddhist that guide people to find focus, peace and calm in one self, and the presence of focus, peace and calm will help to identify the origin of problems and guidance to take good actions to overcome the problems (Knierim T., 2010). At the same time, unlike Taoists healing illness by balancing the opposite elements and conducting the Chi, Buddhists seek for medications (EduBook, 2008). However, because Buddhists believe in the nature of life, so herbal medications which are extracted and purified from the plants is the only medication that is used by Buddhists. Buddhism and Taoism are also different in how they look at relationships and marriage. According to Buddhism beliefs, marriage is not a necessary event ones life, so there is no special type of ceremony or practices for getting married. Besides that, sexual activity is only accepted socially and ethically when it takes place in marriage, and it is not accepted when there is not within a marriage relationship. Buddhism beliefs that in a marriage, both husband and wife will need to possess four important qualities to become a well-matched and maintain a good marriage, the four qualities are faith, virtue, generosity and wisdom. Faith requires the understanding between the husband and wife, it is through understanding each another helps to build up trust, honor and faith, and faith is the main key which will lead to the development of virtue, generosity and wisdom. According to Buddhism beliefs, satisfactions of the five senses and reproduction are the two main purposes of marriage beca use it is said that not a single figure, sound, smell, savor and touch can attract a man more than a woman and this same goes to a woman. Besides that, reproduction is important to the society because of the obligations of the family which means children will be the one who are responsible to take care and support the parents and protect and continue the unique customs of the family (Gamage C., 1998). On the other hand, Taoism believes that woman represents Yin and man represents Yang, and the Tao means the path to harmony will be achieved when a woman and a man get into a relationship and commit together as one, the Yin chi will be accepted by the man and Yang chi will be received by the woman, then both Yin and Yang will combined into one and balanced. Some people relate the word Tao with marriage by saying that marriage is the Tao to future means the way or path towards the future because the life after marriage is like a new life and through marriage babies are born: babies are the hope and creation for the future. At the same time, since Taoism emphasize on balancing and harmony of nature, it also laid stress on the harmony of the relationships between people especially for husband and wife. Thus, husband and wife should avoid confrontations and serious conflicts. Prevention of confrontations or even conflicts can be made by calm, love, caring, respect, acceptance, humility, communication, emotional control, self-awareness, self reflections, sacrifice, and support and understanding of each another. On the whole, both Taoism and Buddhism are religions that guide people how to live a good life and teach the important values of life. These two religions have some similarities and sometimes these similarities may even cause people to mistaken that both of them are the same religion or some may mistaken the beliefs and practices of Buddhism and the beliefs and practices of Taoism. There are similar beliefs between these two religions such as both of them believe in the life after death and life cycle never end and also both have similar ultimate goal, but their objective principles, their understanding, beliefs and interpretation about the life after death, their perspectives and methods to deal with the problems especially health problems in life, and their point of view and practices in relationships and marriage are very different. Both have their unique and different way of thinking and interpretation of life. References List Buddhism Temples (n.d.). Buddhist Belief. The Noble Eightfold Path. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhism-facts/buddhist-belief.html Difference Between (2010). Difference Between Taoism and Buddhism. Taoism vs Buddhism. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/ difference-betweentaoism-and-buddhism/ EduBook (2008). Buddhism vs. Taoism. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http://www.edubook.com/buddhism-vs-taoism/22661/ Gamage, C. (1998). Buddhism Sensuality. Colombo: Karunaratne Sons Ltd. Knierim, T. (2010). The Noble Eightfold Path. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/eightfoldpath.html ReligionFacts (2010). Buddhist Beliefs about the Afterlife. Nirvana. Retrieved on October 25, 2010 from http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/beliefs/afterlife.htm Robinson, B.A. (2010). Taoism (a.k.a. Daoism). Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/taoism2.htm Valea, E. (n.d.). Reincarnation. Its meaning and consequences. Retrieved on October 26, 2010 from http://www.comparativereligion.com/reincarnation.html Wow Essays (2010). Buddhism and Taoism. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http://www.wowessays.com/dbase/af1/nyv94.shtml

Neuropathology Of Downs Syndrome Essay -- Medical Disease Health Essa

Neuropathology Of Down's Syndrome Down’s syndrome is the most commonly identified cause of mental retardation occurring in 1 out of 700 live births. In addition to mental deficiency, characteristics of the disease include epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, short stature, open mouth, protruding tongue and poor posture. A twenty-two to fifty fold increase in risk of the development of leukemia along with congenital heart defects in forty percent of these individuals is also seen. The increased level of purines often found can lead to mental retardation itself. Neurological impairment and immune system deficiencies make these individuals more susceptible to infection. Also noted are increased risk for cataract development and vision impairment due to defects in the lenses of the eyes. Evidence for the disease can be found as far back as the nineteenth century with many theories for the etiology of the disease. Early hypotheses include links to endocrine gland malfunction, tuberculosis, syphilis and "uterine exhaustion". The idea of uterine exhaustion was based on the observation that many children with Downs Syndrome (DS) tended to be the last born members of large families. This was later accounted for as mere coincidence. The first formal reference to the anomaly came in 1866 in England by a physician at the Earlewood Asylum noting the distinct physical characteristics of this group of individuals. In the 1930’s, Adrian Bleyer hypothesized that the condition was caused by a failure of the chromosomes to separate but could provide no proof for this since an accurate human chromosome count had not yet been obtained by anyone. The correct number of 46 chromosomes was obtained in Sw... ...rebrain Cholinergic and Pontine Catecholaminergic Nuclei in the Brain of Trisomy 16 Mouse, an Animal Model of Down’s Syndrome. Brain Res. Devop. Brain Res.:50(2), 251-264. LeMay, M. and N. Alvarez (1990) The Relationship Between Enlargements of the Temporal Horns of the Lateral Ventricles and Dementia in Aging Patients with Down’s Syndrome. Neuroradiology: 32 (2), 104-107. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American: 255 (8), 52-60. Pearlson, G. D., et. al. (1990) Brain Atrophy in 18 Patients with Down Syndrome: a CT study. AJNR: 265, 811-816. Plioplys, A. (1987) Down’s Syndrome Precocious Neurofilament Antigen Expression. J. Neuroscien.: 79, 91-100. Sacks, B. and S. Smith (1989) People with Down’s Syndrome Can be Distinguished on the Basis of Cholinergic Dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry: 52(11), 1294-1295. Neuropathology Of Down's Syndrome Essay -- Medical Disease Health Essa Neuropathology Of Down's Syndrome Down’s syndrome is the most commonly identified cause of mental retardation occurring in 1 out of 700 live births. In addition to mental deficiency, characteristics of the disease include epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, short stature, open mouth, protruding tongue and poor posture. A twenty-two to fifty fold increase in risk of the development of leukemia along with congenital heart defects in forty percent of these individuals is also seen. The increased level of purines often found can lead to mental retardation itself. Neurological impairment and immune system deficiencies make these individuals more susceptible to infection. Also noted are increased risk for cataract development and vision impairment due to defects in the lenses of the eyes. Evidence for the disease can be found as far back as the nineteenth century with many theories for the etiology of the disease. Early hypotheses include links to endocrine gland malfunction, tuberculosis, syphilis and "uterine exhaustion". The idea of uterine exhaustion was based on the observation that many children with Downs Syndrome (DS) tended to be the last born members of large families. This was later accounted for as mere coincidence. The first formal reference to the anomaly came in 1866 in England by a physician at the Earlewood Asylum noting the distinct physical characteristics of this group of individuals. In the 1930’s, Adrian Bleyer hypothesized that the condition was caused by a failure of the chromosomes to separate but could provide no proof for this since an accurate human chromosome count had not yet been obtained by anyone. The correct number of 46 chromosomes was obtained in Sw... ...rebrain Cholinergic and Pontine Catecholaminergic Nuclei in the Brain of Trisomy 16 Mouse, an Animal Model of Down’s Syndrome. Brain Res. Devop. Brain Res.:50(2), 251-264. LeMay, M. and N. Alvarez (1990) The Relationship Between Enlargements of the Temporal Horns of the Lateral Ventricles and Dementia in Aging Patients with Down’s Syndrome. Neuroradiology: 32 (2), 104-107. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American: 255 (8), 52-60. Pearlson, G. D., et. al. (1990) Brain Atrophy in 18 Patients with Down Syndrome: a CT study. AJNR: 265, 811-816. Plioplys, A. (1987) Down’s Syndrome Precocious Neurofilament Antigen Expression. J. Neuroscien.: 79, 91-100. Sacks, B. and S. Smith (1989) People with Down’s Syndrome Can be Distinguished on the Basis of Cholinergic Dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry: 52(11), 1294-1295.

Small Pox Journal :: Journals Diary Small Pox Essays

Small Pox Journal April 22, 2005--I had a long week so I decided I should write about it on my web journal. After having several papers, quizzes, and having to work 40 hours I have been feeling a little under the weather. However, I mostly assume it has been from the lack of sleep I have been getting. But no worries, since I intend on making it up during the weekend. But tonight I have decided to party it up and go to my friend's apartment. Till then I'll just take some aspirin and lay down till I go out. I'm sure I will be fine by then. April 23, 2005--Well to recap last night events, I woke up from my nap; the aspirin appeared to have not worked. I was feeling really achy but I did not let that impede my wanting to party. I asked my mom to feel my forehead, to see if I was hot, and she confirmed it. So I decided to take my temperature, 102 degrees, not good. But I still went to the party, being stubborn. I ended up drinking too much, to try and ease the achy feeling, and it did not sit well. I ended up having to throw up in the bushes. People were laughing at me, telling me I could not handle my liquor. Ha-ha, it was funny though. April 24, 2005--However, when I did wake up I noticed some kind of bumps forming in my mouth. This is really strange since I never have had bumps like these in my mouth. Oh well, I am sure they will go away in a few days. I am not feeling well at all. I don't think it was just the long week that was affecting my health, but I might be genuinely sick, maybe just a fever or the flu? My girlfriend told me she has been going through the same thing. I don't think this is a good sign. However, being a typical guy I will wait it out and see what develops. April 25, 2005--Still feeling unwell and apparently the bumps in my mouth seem to be breaking, which I'm not sure if that is a good thing or not. There were several of them and only but a few have yet to burst.

Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace Essay

Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace Introduction Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace            In the past few decades, science has made great advancements in medicine, nutrition and other human sciences. These advancements have made it possible for people to be treated for various diseases and ailments that would have otherwise shortened their productive lifespan. People are generally living longer than compared to a few decades ago and this has meant that there are more people in the general working population that are above the age of 50 (UK Census Bureau, 2012) With these higher numbers and wide age gap between people in the same workplaces there has arisen the problem of ageism or age discrimination. Age discrimination is defined as the unfair treatment of an individual as a result of their age. It usually happens in workplaces as this is the area in many societies where people of different age groups and with wide age gaps are likely to interact. (Age UK, 2011) Age discrimination was defined under the UK Age discrimination Regulations act enacted by th e UK parliament in 2006 and later on elaborated in the Equality Act of 2010. These laws were put in place to protect employees from being unfairly treated or discriminated on any grounds including age. (The Equality Act 2010 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2012, 2012) It forbids employers, potential employers credit unions and any other individual or business to refuse services or discriminate against a person on the basis of their age being or becoming a transsexual person being married or in a civil partnership being pregnant or having a child disability race including colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin religion, belief or lack of religion/belief sex sexual orientation            Age discrimination can be directed against individuals of any age, although it is mostly directed at older people. It can be operated at various levels from interpersonal to the workplace, and is equated to racism or sexism and is equally as damaging. (Age UK, 2011) This is the reason why these legislations were passed as well as similar legislations in other countries across Europe and the world in general.            In the UK law however, there is a specific provision for an employer to deny a person employment or terminate their contract. In these cases, the employer has to prove that the action is objectively justifiable: meaning that there are valid and concrete reasons behind the use of age as a factor for employment, promotions or other work related benefits. These reasons must be fair and be able to stand up to a tribunal (UK government: Age discrimination to be outlawed, 2005).            The problem of age discrimination in the UK is worrying as the society itself is unwilling to change. A study conducted by the University of Kent with Age UK showed that although more people in the UK and Europe were becoming aware of age discrimination as a result of legislation and government and NGO campaigns, there was still a problem in their individual attitudes towards the elderly, especially n the workplace. The study, named the European Social Survey, showed that 49.7% of people in the UK would rather work under a qualified 30-year-old boss as opposed to a similarly qualified 70-year-old boss. This together with responses that show that the average age a person is considered â€Å"old† is 59, while other countries such as Greece considered old age to begin at 68 years. (University of Kent age survey 2012) Evidence            According to the 2011 national census, the UK and Wales population had grown to 56.1 million: the highest it has ever been. In all the regions except London, 16.6 to 20 percent of the population was made up of people aged 65 and above (Macnicol, 2005). These people are increasingly finding themselves in situations where their age is proving to be a hindrance to their social and professional lives. Age discrimination in the workplace is the most predominant form of ageism with the numbers of claims being brought to tribunals increasing steadily since their inception. In 2008/9 there were3800 claims brought forward, this number rose to 5200 in 2009/10 and to 6800 in 2010/11 (Ministry Of Justice, 2011) The upward trend is the opposite of what is being seen for other types of discrimination cases, with the number of unfair dismissal, breach of contract and equal pay all seeing drops in their thousands.            A report By Age Watch group paints an even grimmer picture of the situation. This report shows that old people in the UK are increasingly being viewed as liabilities and their social standing and image in society, both formal and casual is diminishing. Sampling some of the responses from this report such as the question as to whether ‘Employers don’t like having older people on their workforce as it spoils their image’ shows that in every age group sampled, more than 40% agreed with this statement with only the 16-24 age bracket going below this mark slightly at 39%. The table below shows the graphical representation of the results for this question. The percentage number of people who reported being treated unfairly in the year prior to collection of data shows that ageism is the highest occurring reported case of unfair treatment.            29% of respondents said that they had reported an instance of someone discriminating against them or someone related on basis of age. This has surpassed even gender based discrimination which is at 24%. (Age Concern England, 2008). Age of Discrimination Debate            Proponents claim that the elderly are just as capable as the young. So age is not an indicator of inferior ability therefore treating an individual on the basis of their age in unfair and discriminatory. Furthermore, this is inconsistent with principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination which are centered on the notion of an individual rights. Therefore, it is important for employers to make their employment decisions based on the suitability to perform their job –not age. Age by itself should not the single determinant (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). However, critics argue that the theory of hiring should be based on one’s ability. In reality certain abilities are hard to determine consequently employer uses age as the proxy. In sports age an indicator of one ability to work with his team mates or extracurricular leadership as a management potential (Anonymous, 2008). Even through, not full proof age gives a clear bearing on other key qualities such as concentration, energy and cognitive abilities. This could be particularly useful for a sales persons who need to have energy and vitality, in addition it’s important for medical practitioner to have high level of fitness and concentration in performing their duties (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            Discriminatory practices in recruitment and promotion causes harm to the economy. Age discrimination reduces the overall productivity due to the fact it prevents job advancement opportunities through ineffectively matching workers talent and the job descriptions. According to study by the Cabinet Office in the UK revealed that lower employment among older people reduce the overall GDP by  £16 billion per annum (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Therefore, a higher contribution rates among the elderly leads to better job matching, increased employment rates and enhanced competition among worker this will turn stimulate the labor market leading to increased productivity. The common belief that the economy has few and limited number of jobs, and if older worker remain the labor market they will negate job opportunities to the younger people or reduce the wages is a fallacy. Studies show that wages are unlikely to drop with projected shortages, such as in health sector and teaching. But opponents of age claim that laws against age discrimination may simply result to the old people working for higher wages, rather than older people working. Researcher on age discrimination laws in the US showed that the increase in employment rates of older employees is due to staying in their jobs for longer rather than older people working. In addition, an increase in the number of older worker in the short-term will result in market pressures to reduce wages, therefore other existing elderly workers may suffer with wage drop (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            Supporters argue that having few older worker also increases the amount the government needs to spend on benefits, pensions and decreases the tax base (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). This strain on the public resources is especially critical in developed countries with an increasing number of their population ageing. This increases the projected dependency ratio and pay-as-you-go nature of pension schemes. However, it could be argued that the so called ‘benefits’ for government budget is in fact just a transfer. Governments spend less on health and other benefits and employer is the one who actually pays for them. Therefore, the cost is not strain to the government but the employer. Simply it a transfer from the government to the employers (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            With limited age discrimination and a mandatory retirement age, employer suffer from a lower turnover and lower recruitment costs and effort. This so because employees work for longer periods than they would otherwise have done before. It is believed that according to DTI estimates that the benefit to businesses could amount to  £39m in the first year. On the other hand, discrimination discourages potential elderly talent from applying to the position (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Therefore from onset employer has small pool of workers to choose from. The claim that anti-discrimination laws are good for the employer is fallacy and makes no economical or common sense. If hiring and promoting elder worker serve the best interest for the firm therefore why do we need such laws? In actual fact without a mandatory retirement age, employers are obliged to continue to paying pensions more than they expected increasing the overall operating cost by inc urring higher insurance premiums and expensive healthcare benefits. In addition, firms have limited number of senior positions. In case where such position are all taken by elderly workers firm would be in difficult position to hire or retain younger workers leading to high turnover among younger staff. Firms with no retirement age have no idea when people should leave creating uncertainty in human resource and bottlenecks (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998).            Ageism is the most common of discrimination in the workplace today. However, through proper legislation it can help correct this prejudice with other policies that promote equal rights and educate the employers and employees on their rights and obligations and rights. Therefore, by protecting such a group that is disadvantage, we help raise equality in the society (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). However, anti-discrimination laws have been existent in Australia, Canada and the US but there are no evidence that there has been a significant shift in attitude of the employer toward the elderly workers. In fact, there is strong evidence showing that employers are less likely to employ older worker and younger co-workers become resentful if mandatory retirement ages are not imposed (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Conclusion            Age discrimination in the work place may be casual or systematic and the issues came to the fore front in the late 1960s. it could be perpetuate against seniors or perpetuated based on sexism or racism. However, it is best defined or seen through three aspects. Prejudicial attitudes towards the older people, old age or the aging process itself through various discriminating practices which towards older people as well as some institutional aspects as well as policies that encourage some form of stereo types against the older people.            Age discrimination in the work place may manifest in different but subtle forms in the work environment and can be established, promoted or even allowed and encouraged to persist by the workplace management and authority. Henceforth, it is possible to heave in the work place inequality that has been created due to age discrimination            However, providing a free discrimination workplace raises a lot of challenges for the employer and employee. Therefore, it may require: Change of attitude, culture and to an extreme confront unacceptable practices that discriminate the elderly. Such practices may range from harassment and possible bullying of the older workers which undermine and excludes them firm. Organizational rethinking to accommodate the need of this special group such as the older people Develop polices to protect workers from all forms of discrimination at the work place Ensure that discrimination polices are enforced and staff are trained on those polices and complaints are dealt with effectively.            The United Kingdom has recently enacted the UK Employment Equality (Age) Regulations in 2006 developed a number of resources and practical information for the employer to ensure that elderly are not discriminated and harassed therefore, promote good business practices. It also protects and safe guards the elderly worker against workplace discrimination on grounds of age. References Age Concern England. (2008). How Ageist is Britain. London: Age Concern. Age-discrimination debate has two sides. (1998). Orange County Business Journal, 21(16), 35. 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